â»è¡šç€ºãããPDFã®ãã¡ã€ã«åã¯ãµãŒããŒã®ä»æ§äžãåºæã®å称ãšãªã£ãŠããŸãã
ãããŠã³ããŒããããå Žåã¯ãå¥åã§ä¿åããŠãã ããã
åèçµæžå€§åŠåææ ãäœè€ãæµ
ããŒã¯ãŒãïŒ
éå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšãçŽè³ç£åºåã財åç匟åæ§ã財åççåå ãããããã
éææãèªå·±ææ
èŠãæšïŒ
ãæ¬çš¿ã®ç®çã¯ã財åç匟åæ§ã®é©æ£è¡šç€ºã第äžçŸ©ãšä»®å®ããéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã®çŽè³ç£åºå ã®æ€èšã«ããã財åç匟åæ§ã®å®çŸ©ã¯ã財åççååæŠå¿µã®ã¹ããã¯é¢ã«èèœãèŠåºããã ã®ã®ãå矩çã«ã¯äŒæ¥äŒèšã®æŠå¿µæžããå°å ¥ãããŠããã第äžã«ãäŒæ¥äŒèšã®è²¡åç匟åæ§ ã®è°è«ãåç §ããéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã®æèã«ç §ãããŠè§£éããã財åç匟åæ§ã®è©äŸ¡ã«ã¯ãè³ ç£ãšçŽè³ç£ã®äž¡é¢ãããè³æºãæäžãããŠããè³ç£ã®æææ§ã®æ å ±ãå¿ èŠèŠããããç¬¬äº ã«ãè¿å¹ŽJICPAãšFASBãææ¡ããçŽè³ç£åºåãæ€èšããããšãã«äžæææåºåãšèªå·±æ æåºåãç»ããã«ã¯ãçŽè³ç£æ å ±ã®ã¿ãªããè³ç£æ å ±ãå¿ èŠã§ãã£ãããããŠãå ¬çæ³äººäŒ èšåºæºã®ããã«çŽè³ç£ãšè³ç£ã察å¿ãããããšã§ãæ°žä¹ ææã»äžæææã»èªå·±ææã»éææ ã«åºåããã財åç匟åæ§ãé©æ£ã«è¡šç€ºãããšçµè«ãããæåŸã«ãä»®ã«åœè©²è¡šç€ºæ¹æ³ãä»ã® éå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã«å°å ¥ãããªãã°ãæ³äººåœ¢æ ããšã«ç°ãªãè³ç£ã®åºåã®ããæ¹ã蚱容ããå¿ èŠæ§ã«è§Šããã
æ§ãæïŒ
I ãã¯ããã«
IIã財åç匟åæ§æŠå¿µã®å€é·
IIIã財åç匟åæ§æŠå¿µã®å矩
IVãçŽè³ç£ã®ææåºåã®æ€èš
â €ããããã«
Abstract
ãThis paper aims to examine the net asset classification requirements of nonprofit accounting for the most basic objective which assumes the proper presentation of financial flexibility. Financial flexibility definition emerged as a stock side of Ê»financial viabilityÊŒ concept. However, it literally seemed to be introduced as concept frameworks for corporate accounting. First, this paper interprets the discussion about financial flexibility of corporate accounting in the context of nonprofit accounting. We need to provide the information about invested assets from both debt side and credit side if we want to assess the financial needs. Second, this paper outlines the net asset classification requirements in the proposed AICPA drafts and FASB standards update. Especially, extracting temporary class and self-restriction class need not only net asset information but also asset information, and we conclude that adding net asset classification to asset classification is the better way to present financial flexibility properly because of the four classifications such as Ê»PermanentlyÊŒ, Ê»TemporarilyÊŒ, Ê»Self-restrictionÊŒ and Ê»UnrestrictedÊŒ. Finally, we tackle the permission of the presence of different asset classification that each organization adopts.
â»ãæ¬è«æã¯åŠäŒèªç·šéå§å¡äŒã®æ»èªã®ãããæ²èŒããããã®ã§ãã
â ãã¯ããã«
ãçŸåšãæ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšçµ±äžåã«åããè°è«ãé«ãŸããã¿ããŠãããçµ±äžåã«ããã£ãŠã®äž»èŠè«ç¹ã®äžã€ã«çŽè³ç£åºåãããã 2013幎ã«æ¥æ¬å ¬èªäŒèšå£«åäŒïŒä»¥äžãJICPAïŒ ãå ¬è¡šããéå¶å©æ³äººå§å¡äŒç ç©¶å ±å第25å· ãéå¶å©çµç¹ã®äŒèšæ çµã¿æ§ç¯ã«åããŠãïŒä»¥äžã JICPAå ±åïŒã§ã¯ãçŽè³ç£ãéææïŒUnrestrictedïŒã» äžæææïŒTemporarilyïŒã»æ°žä¹ ææïŒPermanently restrictedïŒã®äžã€ã«åºåããæ¹æ³ãææ¡ãã㊠ããïŒâ €4â¶ïŒãåœè©²ææ¡ã¯ãç±³åœè²¡åäŒèšåºæº 審è°äŒïŒä»¥äžãFASBïŒãå ¬è¡šããæŠå¿µæžç¬¬6å· ã財åè«žè¡šã®æ§æèŠçŽ ãïŒä»¥äžãSFAC6ïŒãåºæºæžç¬¬117å·ãéå¶å©çµç¹ã®è²¡åè«žè¡šãïŒä»¥äžã SFAS117ïŒãæ²ããäžåºåãæ³èµ·ãããã ã
ãä»æ¹ãFASB ã2015幎ã«å ¬è¡šããå ¬éèæ¡ãäŒèšåºæºæ¹èšã«é¢ããææ¡ïŒéå¶å©çµç¹ïŒTopic 958ïŒåã³ãã«ã¹ã±ã¢äºæ¥äœïŒTopic954ïŒãéå¶å©çµç¹ã®è²¡å諞衚衚瀺ãïŒä»¥äžãED2015ïŒã§ã¯ã çŸè¡åºæºãæ¡çšããäžåºåãæ£åŽããå¯ä»è éææçŽè³ç£ïŒnet assets without donor restrictionïŒãš å¯ä»è ææçŽè³ç£ïŒnet assets with donor restrictionïŒ ã®äºåºåãžã®æ¹èšãææ¡ããïŒpars.5, 16ïŒãããã¯ãäžè¬æ£å³è²¡ç£ãšæå®æ£å³è²¡ç£ãšããäºåºåãå°å ¥ããæ¥æ¬ã®å ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºã髣髎ããã1ïŒã ã
ãæºããçŽè³ç£åºåã®ãããããæ€èšããã«ãããã財åç匟åæ§ïŒfinancial flexibilityïŒãšããäŒèšæŠå¿µã«ççŒããã ãªããªããããã¯JICPAãšFASB ã®äž¡ææ¡ã«ãããŠçŽè³ç£åºåã®äŒŽæŠå¿µãšäœçœ®ä»ããããããã§ãããããšãã°ãJICPA å ±åã§ã¯ããéææçŽè³ç£ãçŽè³ç£ å šäœã«å ããå²åã¯ã財åçå®å®æ§ã財åç匟åæ§ã瀺ãææšãšãªããïŒâ €4â¶â¡ïŒãšããŠãçŽè³ç£åºåã®æ矩ãèªããããããã§ã財åç匟åæ§ãšã¯ãæ³äººãèªãä¿æããè³éã«ã€ããŠã æ¯åºã®éé¡ãšã¿ã€ãã³ã°ãã©ã®çšåºŠèªç±ã«æäœã§ããããšããçšåºŠãããã財åç匟åæ§ãé«ããšäºæž¬äžå¯èœãªæ¯åºã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããšãã§ãããããªãã¡ãéææçŽè³ç£ãå€é¡ã®å Žåã¯ã財åç匟åæ§ãé«ããªããïŒJICPA å ±åã泚69ïŒããªãã åœè©²èšè¿°ã¯ãSFAS117ã«ããã財åç匟åæ§ã®å®çŸ©ïŒfn.3ïŒãå¹³æã«æèš³ãããã®ã§ããïŒåŸè¿°ïŒã
ãED2015ããŸããå¯ä»è ææã®æç¡ãšãã®æ§è³ªã«åºã¥ãæ å ±ã¯ãäžè¬ã«è²¡åç匟åæ§ããã³ãµãŒãã¹æäŸç¶ç¶èœåãå«ãéå¶å©çµç¹ã®è²¡åç¶æ ã«ã€ããŠé©åãªç解ãåŸãã®ã«å¿ èŠãšããããïŒBC95ïŒãšããããªããã»ãŒåæ§ã®èš 述㯠SFAS117ïŒpar.98ïŒã«ãæ£èŠãããã ã
ãæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ã第äžã«ãçŽè³ç£åºåã®æ ¹æ ãšããŠçšãããã財åç匟åæ§æŠå¿µã«é¢ããå è¡ç 究ã®æŽçãéããŠãåœè©²æŠå¿µã®åæèŠè§ãæœåºããã第äºã«ãåŸãããåæèŠè§ã«ç §ãããŠçŽè³ç£åºåãå·¡ãè°è«ãæŽçããæ€èšããããããèžãŸããéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã®çµ±äžåãæäžãšããŠã財åç匟åæ§ã®è©äŸ¡ã«è³ããã¹ããã¯è¡šçŸã«ã€ããŠè¥å¹²è©Šè«ããããªããæ¬çš¿ã®è©Šã¿ã¯ã財åç匟åæ§ã®é©æ£è¡šç€ºã第äžçŸ©ãšä»®å®ããã¹ããã¯æ å ±ã®ãããããæ€èšããæèå®éšã§ããããšã«çæãããã2ïŒã
â ¡ã財åç匟åæ§æŠå¿µã®å€é·
ãéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã«ããã財åç匟åæ§æŠå¿µã®èèœã¯ Anthony1978ãå±ãã財åççååïŒfinancial viabilityïŒã®å®çŸ©ã«èŠåºãããAnthony 1978ã¯ã財åççååãã¹ããã¯æ å ±ãšãããŒæ å ±ã®äž¡é¢ããæ€èšããïŒè¥æ200222é ã 26é ïŒ3ïŒãããã§ã¹ããã¯æ å ±ã«é¢ããèšè¿°ã«ç®ãåãããšããéå¶å©çµç¹ã®è²¡åççååã¯ã æ¯æèœåãæµåæ§ãšããéåžžãã¹ãã®ã¿ãªãããïŒç¥âçè ïŒè³æºç§»åå¯èœæ§ïŒresource transferabilityïŒã®çšåºŠã«ãã£ãŠç€ºããããïŒAnthony1978p.48ïŒãè³æºç§»åå¯èœæ§ãšã¯ãéå¶å©çµç¹ãè³æºãå€çšéã«å©çšããèªç±ãããããã䜿éå¶çŽã®ãã è³æºã®å²åãé«ããã°ãæ¹é転æãæ°ããªããŒãºãžã®å¯Ÿå¿ãå°é£ãïŒp.49ïŒãšèª¬æããããããªãã¡ãéææè³æºãšææè³æºã®å²åããã£ãŠè©äŸ¡ãããè³æºç§»åå¯èœæ§ã¯ãæ¯æèœåãæµåæ§ãšãšãã«è²¡åççååãã¹ããã¯æ å ±ããè©äŸ¡ããäžææšãšæããããã ã
ããšãããšãè³æºç§»åå¯èœæ§ã®å®çŸ©ã¯ãè³é ïŒè³æºïŒã®æææ§è¡šç€ºãäºæž¬äžèœãªæ¯åºïŒããŒãºïŒ ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããäŒæ¥ã®èœåã瀺ããšè§£éããç¹ã«ãããŠãäžè¿°ãã財åç匟åæ§ã®å®çŸ©ãšéåºãã ïŒå³è¡š1åç §ïŒããªããè¥æ2002ã¯ãè³æºç§»åå¯èœæ§ãã䜿éã®åŒŸåæ§ãïŒ18é ïŒãšæèš³ããã ã
ã財åç匟åæ§ãšããçšèªãçŽè³ç£åºåã®æ ¹æ ãšããŠçšããããã®ã¯ãSFAS117ã®çŽ æ¡ãšããŠ1992幎ã«å ¬è¡šãããå ¬éèæ¡ãéå¶å©çµç¹ã®è²¡åè«žè¡šãïŒä»¥äžãED1992ïŒããçè ã®ç¥ãéãã«ãããŠæåã§ãããåœè©²ææžããã³ããã«ç¶ã SFAS117ã«ããã財åç匟åæ§ã®å®çŸ©ã®å段éšåïŒãšãã« fn.3ïŒã¯ãäŒæ¥äŒèšã®æŠå¿µæžãäŒæ¥ã®è²¡åè«žè¡šã®èªèãšæž¬å®ãïŒä»¥äžã SFAC5ïŒã«ããã財åç匟åæ§ã®å®çŸ©ïŒfn.13ïŒ ãšã»ãŒäžèŽããããšãããäŒæ¥äŒèšãã移æ€ããããšè§£ãããïŒå³è¡š1åç §ïŒãäºå®ãED1992 ã®ãããå°ãšããŠ1989幎ã«å ¬è¡šãããFASBã³ã¡ã³ãåéãéå¶å©çµç¹ã®è²¡åå ±åïŒè²¡åè«žè¡šã®æ§åŒãšå 容ãïŒä»¥äžãITC1989ïŒã§ã¯ãæµ åæ§ãšãšãã«è²¡åç匟åæ§ãšããçšèªã SFAC5ããåŒçšãããŠããïŒpar.36ïŒãå³è¡š1ãçšããŠæŽçãããšãçŸåšãçŽè³ç£åºåã®æ ¹æ ãšããŠçšãããã財åç匟åæ§ã¯ã財åççååã®ã¹ããã¯è©äŸ¡ã®äžã€ã§ããè³æºç§»åå¯èœæ§ãšå矩ãšæªå®ã§ããïŒãå ·äœçè©äŸ¡ã網æéšåç §ïŒãããããåœè©²æŠå¿µã¯ãæèšäžãäŒæ¥äŒèšã«ãã ã財åç匟åæ§ã®å®çŸ©ãšåæ§ã«èª¬æãããŠãã ïŒãæŠå¿µèª¬æã網æéšåç §ïŒã ã
ãäŒæ¥äŒèšäžã®è²¡åç匟åæ§ã®å®çŸ©ã¯ã1980幎㫠FASB ãå ¬è¡šããèšè°è³æãè³éãããŒã æµåæ§ããã³è²¡åç匟åæ§ã®å ±åãïŒä»¥äžãDM 1980ïŒã«ããã財åç匟åæ§ã«é¢ãã詳现ãªæ€èšãèžãŸãããã®ã§ãã4ïŒãåœè©²ææžã¯ã ãã£ãã·ã¥ã»ãããŒèšç®æžã®å°å ¥ã念é ã«ããã®è«ççèæ¯ãšãªãè³éæŠå¿µãæŽçãããã®ã§ãåŸåã®è²¡åè«žè¡šäœç³»ã®äžåãææããå 容ãå«ããã®ã§ããããããŠã財åç匟åæ§ã®æŠå¿µæŽçã«ããã£ãŠã¯Donaldson1971ãæå±ãã財åç移åæ§ïŒfinancial mobilityïŒãåç §ããæšãèšèŒããïŒDM1980p.107ïŒããã£ãŠã以äžãæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ Donaldson1971ã®è²¡åç移åæ§ã財åç匟åæ§ãšå矩ã«æ±ãè«çå±éããŠããã ãªããDonaldson1971ã¯ãæ¢åã®ãã¡ã€ãã³ã¹çšèªãã匟åæ§ïŒflexibilityïŒã«å¯ŸããŠãæ°ããªå®çŸ©ãä»å ããçšèªãšããŠè²¡åç移åæ§ãæå±ããïŒpp. 7-8ïŒãã€ãŸããDM1980ã¯ã財åç移åæ§ã®æŠå¿µãèžè¥²ãã€ã€ãåœè©²æŠå¿µãããããçšèªãšããŠã¯ïŒããäžè¬çãªïŒè²¡åç匟åæ§ãæ¡çšããããšã«ãªããå³è¡š 2ã¯FASBå ¬è¡šææžãäžå¿ã«è²¡åç匟åæ§ã®å€é·ãæŽçãããã®ã§ããã
å³è¡š1ããè³æºç§»åå¯èœæ§ãšè²¡åç匟åæ§ã®å®çŸ©ã
æç²ïŒAnthony1978p.48ïŒJICPA å ±åã泚69ïŒSFAS117, fn.3ïŒSFAC5, par.24a, fn.3
å³è¡š2ããFASBå ¬è¡šææžãäžå¿ãšãã財åç匟åæ§æŠå¿µã®å€é·ã
åç §ïŒAnthony1978; SFAC4; SFAC6; ITC1989; ED1992; SFAS117; ED2015; Donaldson1971; DM 1980; ED1981; SFAC51984
â ¢ã財åç匟åæ§æŠå¿µã®å矩
ã次ã«ã財åç匟åæ§ã®å矩ãDonaldson 1971㚠DM1980ã«æ±ããéå¶å©çµç¹äŒ èšã«ç §ãããŠæŽçãããDonaldson1971ã¯ã財åç移åæ§ã®æºæ³ãšãªãããè³æºã貞åå¯Ÿç §è¡šã«é©æ£ã«è¡šç€ºãããªããšããåé¡ãæµ®ã圫ãã«ããã
ã財åç移åæ§ã¯ãäžåœ¢æ ããä»ã®åœ¢æ ãžçµæžçè³æºã®å€åã®å²åã«åœ±é¿ãåãŒãèœåãã€ãŸãäžå®æç¹ã«ãããè³æºã®çµåãã決å®ããèœåããšå®çŸ©ããããããã¯ãå°æ¥ã«ãããŠçµå¶è ã®è¡åããµããŒãããå¯èœæ§ã®ããè³æºã ïŒè³æºã®ä»£æ¿å¯èœæ§ïŒã«æ³šæãåãããããããããŒã«ãçç®ããæŠå¿µãšããç¹åŸŽããããæèšããã°ãçµå¶èšç»æéã«ãããïŒwithin planning horizonïŒè³éã¢ãŠããããŒïŒç¹å®ã®çšéã«è»¢æããã賌買åïŒãšè³éã€ã³ãããŒïŒç¹å®ã®çšéãã解æŸããã賌買åïŒã®åè¡¡ãæ¢ãããšã§ãçµæçã«äŒæ¥ã®è³æºãç¹å®ã®çšéã«ææãããè³éãšææãããªãè³éã«åé åããããšãããããž ã¡ã³ãã®ããæ¹ã«ççŒããŠãããåœç¶ãªããã財åç移åæ§æŠå¿µã®é¢å¿ã¯ãææè³éã§ã¯ãªããéææè³éã®æŽãåºãã«ããïŒDonaldson1971 pp.56-57, 60ïŒããªãããã®é¢å¿ã¯ãïŒå³è¡š1ã§ç€ºããïŒéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšäžã®è²¡åç匟åæ§ã®å®çŸ©ã«ã¿ãå ·äœçè©äŸ¡ãšæŽåããã ã
ãéåžžãã¹ããã¯èšç®äžãè³æºã¯ææã»éææ ã®äºåºåã§ææ¡ãããããããã財åç移åæ§ã®æºæ³ãšãªãããè³æºãç®å®ããã«ã¯ããããŒã®å¯èœæ§ãå å³ãã次ã®ãããªäžåºåãå¿ èŠãšããããâ ç¹å®åããïŒspecializedïŒããã€ã移åæ§ïŒmobileïŒã®ãªãè³æºãâ¡ç¹å®åããããã€ã移åæ§ã®ããè³æºãâ¢ç¹å®åãããããã€ã 移åæ§ã®ããè³æºãããã§ãç¹å®åããšã¯ãè³æºãå©çåµåºç®çã®ããã«ç¹å®ã®çšéãžã®è³éãææãããŠããããã£ãŠä»£æ¿ççšéãžè»¢æã§ããªãç¶æ ãããããŸããã移åæ§ããšã¯ãçµå¶èšç»æéå ã«ãããçŸå®çãŸãã¯æœåšçãªä»£æ¿ççšéãžã®å©çšå¯èœæ§ãããã財åç移åæ§ã«çžåœããè³æºã¯â¡ãšâ¢ã§ããïŒDonaldson1971 pp.64-65ïŒãå³è¡š3ïŒDonaldson1971Exhibit3B å ç §ïŒã§ç€ºãããã«ããç¹å®åãã¯è²¡åç移åæ§ã®çšåºŠããããããã移åæ§ãã¯è²¡åç移åæ§ã®ç¯å²ãç»ãããã®ã§ããã ãDonaldson1971 ã¯ãïŒåœæã®äŒæ¥äŒèšã®ïŒ 貞åå¯Ÿç §è¡šããç¹å®åãã®çšåºŠãé©æ£ã«è¡šç€ºããªããšæ¹å€ããã貞åå¯Ÿç §è¡šäžãç¹å®åãããè³ç£ã¯ã代æ¿ççšéãžã®è»¢æã容æã§ãªãããã éæµåæ§è³ç£ã«åé¡ããããä»æ¹ãç¹å®åãããªãè³ç£ã¯ã代æ¿ççšéãžã®è³éã®è»¢æãå¯èœã§ãããããæµåæ§è³ç£ãšããŠè¡šç€ºããããããããå®éã«ã¯ãéæµåæ§è³ç£ã®ãã¡ã«ã¯ã容æã«ä»£æ¿ççšéãžè»¢æå¯èœãªè³ç£ïŒäŸãã°ãäžå€åžå Žã確ç«ããŠããæ©æ¢°èšåïŒãååšããåæ§ ã«ãæµåæ§è³ç£ã§ãã£ãŠããçµå¶èšç»äžå®¹æã«ä»£æ¿ççšéãžè»¢æã§ããªãè³ç£ïŒäŸãã°ãçŸéïŒ ãååšããïŒDonaldson1971pp.60-62ïŒãã€ãŸããè³ç£åœ¢æ ãšãããäžè¬ã«ç€ºãè³éã®ææç¶æ ã®äžäžèŽãã貞åå¯Ÿç §è¡šã§è²¡åç移åæ§ãé©æ£ã«è¡šç€ºãããªãèŠå ãšãããã ã
ãããšãã°å ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºïŒæ³šè§£æ³š4ïŒã«ãããåºæ¬è²¡ç£ãç¹å®è³ç£ã®åºå衚瀺ããã³ SFAS117ïŒpar.11ïŒãèŠè«ããé·æç®çã§ææãããçŸéã®åºå衚瀺ãªã©ãéã¿ãã°ãéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã«ã¯è³ç£åŽã«ãããŠãç¹å®åãã®çšåºŠãé©æ£ã«åæ ããåå£ãååšãããšãããããŸãããã®ææã¯ãæµåæ§ã®è¡šç€ºåé¡ãšãæãã ããããªããDonaldson1971ã¯ãæµåæ§ã財åç移åæ§ã®éèŠãªäžäœæŠå¿µãšäœçœ®ä»ãïŒp.7ïŒãDM1980ãåæ§ã«ãæµååæ å ±ã財åç匟åæ§ã®è©äŸ¡ã«æçšãšææããïŒpar.18ïŒã ã
ã次ã«ãã移åæ§ãã«é¢ããŠèå¯ãã¹ã次ã®å ·äœäŸãåç §ãããDM1980ã«ãããšãäŒæ¥ã代æ¿ççšéã«æŽ»çšå¯èœãªè³éãåŸãã«ã¯ãåçãç²åŸãããããã以å€ã®è³éæºæ³ã«äŸæ ããå¿ èŠãããããã以å€ã®è³éæºæ³ã«ã¯ãäŒæ¥ã®å€çæºæ³ãšå çæºæ³ãååšãããå€çæºæ³ã®å ·äœäŸãšããŠã¯ãäºå®ãããè³éæäŸãããæœåšçãªè³éæäŸãïŒè¿œå çãªåå ¥ãå¢è³çïŒãå çæºæ³ã®å ·äœäŸãšããŠã¯ãéå¶æ¥è³ç£ãåé¢å¯èœè³ç£ã®æµååãããã³ãèšç»ãããå¶æ¥æŽ»åãæè³æŽ»åã®å€æŽãã«äŒŽãè³éãããŒã®å¢å ïŒçä¿ïŒãæããããããããã¯è²¡åç匟åæ§ã®æºæ³ãšäœçœ®ä»ããããïŒpar.252ïŒã ã
ãéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã«åŒãå¯ããŠèãããšã財åç匟åæ§ã®å€çæºæ³ã®å ·äœäŸã¯ãè¿œå çãªåå ¥ã å¯ä»ãç§ååµã®çºè¡ãã«ãªãããããããããããªå°æ¥æ å ±ã¯äŒèšæ°å€ã§è¡šçŸã§ããªããããã財åè«žè¡šãçšãã財åç匟åæ§è©äŸ¡ã®éçã«çžåœãã5ïŒãä»æ¹ã財åç匟åæ§ã®å çæºæ³ã®å ·äœäŸã¯ãåºæ¬è²¡ç£ä»¥å€ã®è³ç£ã®å£²åŽãããäºæ¥ã®å€æŽãã«äŒŽãè³éãããŒã®å¢å ããšè§£éãããããäŒèšæ°å€ã瀺ãããã®ã¯ãããããªå çãªè³æºã®ç§»åæ§ã«é¢ããæ å ±ã§ãããããªãã¡ãçŸåšææãããŠããè³æºãïŒå£²åŽãåæè³ã®ããã«ïŒãã£ããææ解é€ããå¯èœæ§ã瀺åããæ å ±ã§ãããããããéå¶å©çµç¹ã§ã¯ãææ解é€ãå¯ä»è ãªã©ã®çµç¹ã®å€éšã®ææã«åºã¥ãå ŽåãããããããèžãŸãããšãéå¶å©çµç¹ã®ã¹ããã¯æ å ±ãã財åç匟åæ§ã®å çæºæ³ãæ¢ãã«ã¯ã次ã®äºã€ã®æ å ±ãå¿ èŠã§ãããäžã€ã¯ãææ解é€ã®å¯èœæ§ãæšæž¬ããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã¡ããè³ç£ïŒåæ¹ïŒåŽã®æ å ±ã§ãããããäžã€ã¯ã ææ解é€ã®äž»äœã«ããããçŽè³ç£ïŒè²žæ¹ïŒåŽã®æ å ±ã§ãããå³è¡š4ã¯ä»¥äžãæŽçãããã®ã§ããã
å³è¡š3ããã¹ããã¯æ å ±ã«ã¿ã財åç移åæ§ã®æºæ³ã
åç §ïŒDonaldson1971pp.64-65, Exhibit3B
å³è¡š4ããéå¶å©çµç¹ã«ããã財åç匟åæ§ã®æºæ³ã®ç¹æ§ããã³æ å ±æºã
åç §ïŒDonaldson1971pp.60-65; DM1980par.252
â £ãçŽè³ç£ã®ææåºåã®æ€èš
ãåç¯ã®æ€èšãæäžãšããŠãJICPA å ±åãš ED2015ã®äž¡ææ¡ããããå°ã«çŽè³ç£ã®ææåº åã®ç¹åŸŽãæŽçããããã«è¿å¹Žæ¹æ£ãããå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºãšç §ããåãããŠæ€èšãããæåŸã«ã財åç匟åæ§ã®è©äŸ¡ã«è³ããçŽè³ç£ã®ææåºåã«ã€ããŠè¥å¹²è©Šè«ããã
1ãçŽè³ç£ã®ææåºåã«ã¿ã財åç匟åæ§ã®åæ
âŽãäžæææåºåã®èå¥
ãJICPA ã¯ã2015幎ã«å ¬è¡šãããéå¶å©çµç¹ã®è²¡åå ±åã®åšãæ¹ã«é¢ããè«ç¹æŽçãïŒä»¥äžã JICPAè«ç¹ïŒã«ãããŠã䜿éå¶çŽã®ããè³æº6ïŒ ããè²»çšçæ¯åºãååŽæ§è³ç£ã®åœ¢ã§å©çšïŒè²»æ¶ïŒããããã®ãšããŠæå®ãããå©çšã«å¿ããŠææã解é€ãããããšãäºå®ãããè³æºãïŒä»¥äžãäž æææè³æºïŒãšãè³æºæäŸè ãšã®åæãæ³èŠå¶ ã«åºã¥ããæ°žä¹ ã«ä¿æããããšãèŠè«ãããè³æºãïŒä»¥äžãæ°žä¹ ææè³æºïŒã«åé¡ãïŒ 8 ïŒ6 é ïŒããçµç¹ã®ç¶ç¶ç掻åèœåãè¡šã芳ç¹ããã¯ãè³æºææã®æé軞ã®éãã貞åå¯Ÿç §è¡šäžæããã«ãããããïŒ8 ïŒ8 é ãåç¹âçè ïŒãåã ã®è³æºãåºåããæ¹æ³ãææ¡ããŠããã ã
ãããã§äžæææãšæ°žä¹ ææãèå¥ããè³æºã®ææ解é€ã®æç¡ã«çç®ãããšãããã¯ãè³éãæäžïŒææïŒãããè³ç£ã®æ§è³ªïŒååŽæ§ãè²»çšæ§ ãªã©ïŒã«äŸåãããããšãã°ãå¯èŽãããåå°ãæåè³ç£ã¯æ°žä¹ ææè³æºã«ãç¹å®ã®äºæ¥ã§è²»æ¶ãããå¯ä»ãå©æéãŸãã¯è£å©éã¯äžæææè³æºã«åé¡ãããïŒJICPA è«ç¹ã8 ïŒ6 é åç §ïŒãã€ãŸããè³ç£ïŒåæ¹ïŒåŽã®æ å ±ã«åºã¥ããŠäžæææãšæ°žä¹ ææã®åºåãããŸã7ïŒããªãããã ã§äŸãšããŠæããäžæææè³æºã¯ãç®çææ ïŒSFAC6, par.99ïŒã«çžåœããã ã
ã次ã«ãäžæææãšéææã®èå¥ã«ç®ã転ããã éææè³æºã«ã¯ãçµå¶èšç»äžã容æã«ä»£æ¿ççšéã«å©çšã§ããªãè³éãããšãã°ç¹å®ã®äºæ¥ã«è²»æ¶ããäºå®ã®æèš±çŸéãªã©ãå«ãŸãããããããè³æºã¯ãè³ç£ã®åŽã«ãããŠãç¹å®ã®äºæ¥ã«å¯ŸããŠæäŸãããå¯ä»ãå©æéïŒäžæææè³æºïŒ ãšåºå¥ãããªãããªããªããäž¡è ã¯è³ç£åœ¢æ ãåãããããšãã«ææ解é€ãäºå®ããããã§ãããITC1989ã¯ãç¹å®ã®äºæ¥ã«å¯ŸããŠæäŸ ãããå¯ä»ãäŸã«ãšãããã®è³ç£åœ¢æ ãçµç¹ã«ãšã£ãŠäºæãã¬æ倱è£å¡«ã®èªå ãšãªããããšææããããã®äžã§ãåœè©²è³ç£ã®ä»£æ¿å¯èœæ§ãã²ããŠã¯çµç¹ã®æµåæ§ãé©æ£ã«è¡šç€ºããããã«ã è³ç£åŽã«ææåºåãé©çšãã代æ¿æ¡ãæ€èšããŠããïŒpars.66-72ïŒã ã
ããã®äŸã¯ãçµç¹ã®å€éšã®ææã®æç¡ã«ããåºåããçŽè³ç£ïŒè²žæ¹ïŒåŽã®æ å ±ã®å¿ èŠæ§ã瀺ããã®ã§ãããããããªè³æºã¯ããã®ææãè§£é€ ããäž»äœïŒçµç¹å€éšãŸãã¯å éšïŒã«åºã¥ããä»£æ¿ ççšéãžã®å©çšå¯èœæ§ãå€æããããå³è¡š5㯠以äžãæŽçãããã®ã§ãããäžæææè³æºã¯ã è³ç£åŽã®æ å ±ããã£ãŠæ°žä¹ ææè³æºãšèå¥ããã çŽè³ç£åŽã®æ å ±ããã£ãŠéææè³æºãšèå¥ãããããããšãçµæçã«è²¡åç匟åæ§ïŒè²¡åç移 åæ§ïŒã®æºæ³ã®ç¯å²ãããäžæææçŽè³ç£çžåœé¡ãé€ãããããšãšãªãïŒå³è¡š 3 ã» 5 åç §ïŒã
å³è¡š5ããJICPA å ±åã«ãããçŽè³ç£ã®åºåã
åç §ïŒJICPA å ±åïŒV4ïŒ3ïŒ
âµãèªå·±ææåºåã®èå¥
ãæ¬çš¿ã®åé ã§è§Šããããã«ãFASB ã¯ãçŸè¡åºæºã®äžåºåãæ£åŽããŠãå¯ä»è ã«ããææã®æç¡ã«åºã¥ãäºåºåãæ«å®çã«ææ¡ããŠããããã®çç±ã®äžã€ãšããŠãéææçŽè³ç£ã®åºåã«å¥çŽã»æ³åŸã»ãã®ä»ã«ããææãå«ãŸããªã ïŒwithout contractual, legal, or any type of restrictionïŒãšå©çšè ã誀解ããããšã§ãçµç¹ã®è²¡åç匟åæ§ãšæµåæ§ã®è©äŸ¡ãèŠèª€ãç¹ã«èšåããŠããããããã£ãŠãïŒçŸè¡åºæºã®ïŒéææçŽè³ç£ãšïŒææ¡ãããïŒå¯ä»è éææçŽè³ç£ã®äž¡è ã¯ãçšèªãç°ãªãã ãã§ãå®çŸ©ã®å 容ã¯åäžã§ããïŒED2015BC25ïŒã
ãããã§ããã®ä»ã«ããææãšã¯ãçäºäŒãªã©çµç¹ã®å éšã«ããææãããªãã¡èªå·±ææãå«ããFASB ã§ã¯ãäºæããªãæ倱ã«åããä»»æç©ç«éã¯ãå¯ä»è éææçŽè³ç£ã«å«ããããããŸãã¯ãçäºäŒæå®çŽè³ç£ïŒboard-designated net assetsïŒãšããé ç®ã«ããå 蚳衚瀺ãèªããããïŒED2015par.10ïŒãå³è¡š6ã¯åœè©²å 蚳衚瀺ãããããããã®ã§ããïŒED2015par.18åç §ïŒã
ããçäºäŒæå®çŽè³ç£ã¯ãå°æ¥ã®èšç»ãæè³ã å¶çºäºè±¡ãåºå®è³ç£ã®ååŸã建èšããã³ãã®ä»çšéã«å ãŠããããïŒED2015par.5ïŒããšãããè³ç£åŽã®æ å ±ããã£ãŠçŸåšææç¶æ ã«ããããšããããããã®æå³ã«ãããŠãçäºäŒæå®çŽè³ç£ãšç¡æå®ïŒUndesignatedïŒã®èå¥ã¯ãè³ç£åŽã®æ å ±ãåæ ãããã®ãšãããããããŠäž¡è ã®åºå¥ã¯ã財åç匟åæ§ïŒè²¡åç移åæ§ïŒã®çšåºŠã®éãïŒå³è¡š 3 ã®â¡â¢åç §ïŒãé©æ£ã«åæ ãããšè©äŸ¡ãããããªããå³è¡š6ã«ç€ºãããã«ã FASB ã¯ãçŸè¡åºæºã®äžæææïŒTemporarilyïŒ ã«çžåœããåºåããç®çææïŒPurpose restrictedïŒ ãšæéææïŒFor periods after 20X1ïŒã«ããã«åºåããæ¹æ³ãäŸç€ºããïŒED2015Example1ïŒã æéææã«çžåœããè³éã¯ãäžå®æéãéãã ã°éææè³éãšãªãããã財åç匟åæ§éšåã«è©²åœãããšèããã
å³è¡š6ããFASB2015ã«ãããçŽè³ç£ã®ä»£æ¿çåºåã
åç §ïŒED2015Example1
2ãçŽè³ç£ãšè³ç£ã®å¯Ÿå¿ã®æçšæ§ãâè³ç£åºåã®éèŠæ§â
ãããããFASB ãçŽè³ç£åºåãæ¹èšããæããçç±ãšããŠãæ°žä¹ ææåºåãšäžæææåºåãåãããããšã§è€éãã軜æžãããïŒED2015, BC25ïŒãšè¿°ã¹ãããšãããæãããªããã«ãå³è¡š6ã®åºåã¯ãããŸã§ä»£æ¿çæ¹æ³ã«çãŸããããã§ãæãåœã®å ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºã«ç®ã転ãããšãå³è¡š6ã®åºåãšè¿äŒŒããæ£å³è²¡ç£ïŒçŽè³ç£ã«çžåœãããïŒã®åºå衚瀺ãèŠè«ãããŠããããš ã«æ°ã¥ããå³è¡š7ã¯ãå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºïŒç¬¬2貞åå¯Ÿç §è¡š2ïŒã«ãããæ£å³è²¡ç£ã®åºåãå³åŒåãããã®ã§ããã ã
ãåšç¥ã®ãšãããå¯ä»è çã«ãã䜿éå¶çŽã®æç¡ã§èå¥ãããæå®æ£å³è²¡ç£ãšäžè¬æ£å³è²¡ç£ã®åºåã«ã¯ããããããåºæ¬è²¡ç£ããã®å åœé¡ã ãšãç¹å®è³ç£ããã®å åœé¡ããšããè³ç£ã®åºåã«å¯Ÿå¿ããå èš³ã衚瀺ããããããã§åºæ¬è²¡ç£ãšã¯ãå®æ¬Ÿã«ãããŠåºæ¬è²¡ç£ãšå®ããããè³ç£ãã§ãããææã®è§£é€ãæ³å®ããŠããªãè³ç£ãšããããä»æ¹ãç¹å®è³ç£ãšã¯ãç¹å®ã®ç®çã®ããã«äœ¿éãä¿æåã¯éçšæ¹æ³çã«å¶çŽãããè³ç£ãã§ãããããææã«ææã®è§£é€ãäºå®ããè³ç£ãšæããããïŒå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºç¬¬2貞å å¯Ÿç §è¡š2ã泚解泚4ïŒã ã
ãæå®æ£å³è²¡ç£ã«ãããè³ç£åºåã«åºã¥ãå 蚳衚瀺ã¯ãJICPAå ±åã«ãããæ°žä¹ ææçŽè³ç£ ãšäžæææçŽè³ç£ã®åºåãšåæ§ã§ããïŒå³è¡š5åç §ïŒãããã¯ãåè¿°ã®ãšãããæ°žä¹ ææãšäžæææãåºåããå€æããçµå±ã®ãšããè³ç£ã®æ å ±ïŒææ解é€ã®ææïŒã«åºã¥ãããšãšæŽåãã8ïŒããŸããäžè¬æ£å³è²¡ç£ã«ãããè³ç£åºåã«åºã¥ãå 蚳衚瀺ã¯ãFASBæ¹å®æ¡ã«ãããå¯ä»è éææçŽè³ç£ã®å 蚳衚瀺ïŒèªå·±ææãšéææã®è³éãèå¥ïŒãšåæ§ã§ããïŒå³è¡š 6åç §ïŒããããåè¿°ã®ãšãããéææçŽè³ç£ããçäºäŒææçŽè³ç£ãæãåºãå€æããçµå±ã®ãšããè³ç£ã®æ å ±ïŒçŸåšã®ææç¶æ ïŒã«åºã¥ãããšãšæŽåããã 岡æææ2010ã¯ãæ£å³è²¡ç£ãšè³ç£ã®å¯Ÿå¿ ïŒäºéåé¡ïŒã®çã®æ矩ãèªå·±ææã®èå¥ã«èŠåºããŠããïŒ60é ïŒã ã
ã財åç匟åæ§ã®æºæ³ã®ç¯å²ã«çç®ãããšãæ£å³è²¡ç£ãšè³ç£ã®å¯Ÿå¿ã«ãã£ãŠãäžè¬æ£å³è²¡ç£ã®ãã¡ã«ãææ解é€ãäºå®ããªãè³éïŒåºæ¬è²¡ç£ïŒã®ååšã瀺ãããããšã§ãããé©æ£ã«åœè©²ç¯å²ãç»ããããšãã§ããïŒå³è¡š7åç §ïŒã ã
ãæåŸã«è©Šè«ãšããŠå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºã®èšç®æ§é ã®æ·è¡æ§ãè¥å¹²æ€èšãããåœè©²åºæºã§ã¯ãçŽè³ç£ïŒæ£å³è²¡ç£ïŒãšè³ç£ã察å¿ãããããšã§ãå®è³ªçã«æ°žä¹ ææã»äžæææã»èªå·±ææã»éææã®4ã€ã«åºåãããïŒå³è¡š7åç §ïŒãä»®ã«ãä»ã®éå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã«åœè©²æ§é ãããŠã¯ããŠã¿ããšãçŽè³ç£ã«å æžããããè³ç£é ç®ãæ³äººåœ¢æ ããšã«å€§ããç°ãªãããšãšãªããæ¯èŒå¯èœæ§ãæ ä¿ãããªããšæžå¿µããããããããªãããšãã«æ³äººåœ¢æ ã«ãã£ãŠã¯èªå·±ææãäžæææã®åºåãè€éåãããšèããããããããããç¹å®ã®è²¡è²šã»çšåœ¹ãžã®ææè³éæ§ãèªèããç¯å²ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãïŒç¥âçè ïŒããããã®äŒæ¥ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªãã®ãåœç¶ã§ããããŸããåäžäŒæ¥ã«ãã ãŠãç°å¢ã®å€åãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªããããã®ãšæãããããŸããçæçã«ã¿ãã°ãææè³éæ§ãèªèããããã®ã§ãã£ãŠããé·æçã«ã¿ãã°ããããããæç¹ã§èªç±éžææ§è³éãšããŠèªèãããããšãããããã¯ãã§ãããïŒæ£®ç°ïŒ»1973 39é ïŒ9ïŒããã®ããã«è§£ããããšã§ãä»®ã«æ³äººåœ¢æ ããšã«ç°è³ªãªè³ç£ã®åºåãšã®å¯Ÿå¿è¡šç€ºã蚱容 ããããªãã°ãæææ§ïŒæµåæ§ïŒãé©æ£ã«åæ ããè³ç£åºåã®ããæ¹ãåæ€èšããå¿ èŠãã ã10ïŒã ã
ããªããè³ç£ã®åºåãšã®å¯Ÿå¿è¡šç€ºã¯ãåºéäŒèšãæ³èµ·ããããããããªããITCïŒïŒ»1989 pars.63-64ïŒã¯ã貞åå¯Ÿç §è¡šãžã®åºéåºåã®å°å ¥ãæ£åŽããçç±ã®äžã€ãšããŠãè³ç£ãåºéç®ç以å€ã«ä»£æ¿å©çšãããªããšã®èª€è§£ãäžããè³æºç§»åå¯èœæ§ïŒtransferability of resourcesïŒãããªãã¡è²¡åç匟åæ§ãé©æ£ã«è©äŸ¡ããªããšææãããããã¯ãè³ç£åŽã«ãããŠé©æ£ãªæææ§ïŒæµåæ§ïŒã®è¡šçŸãæ±ããããããšã®èšŒå·Šãšèããã
å³è¡š7ããå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºã«ãããæ£å³è²¡ç£ã®åºåã
åç §ïŒå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºç¬¬2
â €ããããã«
ãæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ãã¹ããã¯æ å ±ã«ããã財åç匟åæ§ã®é©æ£è¡šç€ºãæ€èšãããšããæèå®éšãè©Šã¿ãããŸããçŽè³ç£åºåã®äŒŽæŠå¿µãšããã財åç匟åæ§æŠå¿µã®å€é·ãè¿œã£ãã財åç匟åæ§ã¯ã AnthonyïŒ1978ïŒãæ²ãã財åççååæŠå¿µã®ã¹ããã¯è¡šçŸã«ãã®èèœãèŠåºãããã®ã®ãçŽæ¥çã«ã¯äŒæ¥äŒèšã®æŠå¿µæžãã移æ€ããããã®ãšæšç¥ãããã次ã«ãäŒæ¥äŒèšã«ããã財åç匟åæ§ã®è°è«ã蟿ããéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã®æèã«ç §ããã解éãè©Šã¿ããéå¶å©çµç¹ã®è²¡åç匟åæ§ã®è©äŸ¡ã«ã¯ãçŸåšããã³å°æ¥ã®ä»£æ¿ççšéãžã®å©çšå¯èœæ§ã«é¢ããæ å ±ãå¿ èŠèŠããããå ·äœçã«ã¯ãè³ç£åŽã®æ å ±ãšããŠãè³æºãæäžãããŠããè³ç£ã®ææç¶æ ïŒæµåæ§ïŒããã³ææ解é€ã®ææãæ±ããããçŽè³ç£åŽã®æ å ±ãšããŠãææã解é€ããäž»äœãæ瀺ãããå¿ èŠããããšæŽçããããããèžãŸããè¿å¹ŽJICPAãšFASBãææ¡ããããããã®çŽè³ç£åºåãæ€èšããå®è³ªçã«ã¯ãçŽè³ç£æ å ±ã®ã¿ãªããè³ç£æ å ±ãåç §ããããšã§ããšãã«äžæææåºåãšèªå·±ææåºåãç»ããããšãå€æãããæåŸã«ãå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºã®ããã«çŽè³ç£ã®åºåãšè³ç£ã®åºåã察å¿ãããããšã§ãæ°žä¹ ææã»äžææ æã»èªå·±ææã»éææã®ååºåã衚瀺ã§ããããã«èªå·±ææãäºåºåããããšã§ã財åç匟åæ§ã®ç¯å²ãšçšåºŠãããå¿ å®ã«åæ ãããšèšåããããŸããä»®ã«åœè©²è¡šç€ºæ¹æ³ãä»ã®éå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã«å°å ¥ãããªãã°ãæ³äººåœ¢æ ããšã«ç°ãªã è³ç£ã®åºåã®ããæ¹ãããçšåºŠèš±å®¹ããå¿ èŠæ§ã«è§Šããã ã
ãæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ãã¹ããã¯æ å ±ãåæãšãã財åç匟åæ§ã®è©äŸ¡ã«çŠç¹ãããŠãããããã財åç匟åæ§æŠå¿µããããŒã®å¯èœæ§ãåæ ããããšããèŠç¹ãæããããšã«éã¿ãã°ããããŒæ å ±ãçšããè©äŸ¡ã®æ€èšãä»åŸã®èª²é¡ãšããŠæ®ãããŠããã ã
ãäŒæ¥äŒèšã§ã¯ãæŠå¿µæžã®éçºãéããŠã財åç匟åæ§è©äŸ¡ã®å¿ èŠæ§ã¯é·ãã«ãããè°è«ãããŠãããã®ã®ãããŸã å ·äœçãªè©äŸ¡æ¹æ³ã¯ç¢ºç«ãããŠããªã11ïŒãä»æ¹ãéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã«ãããŠã¯ãç°¡çŽ ãªæç« ã§ã¯ãããã®ã®ãäŒèšè«žåºæºã§è²¡åç匟åæ§ã®è©äŸ¡æ¹æ³ãèªãããŠããããã®ç°åãå«æãããšããã¯ãéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšã®çµ±äžåãã²ããŠã¯éå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšãšäŒæ¥äŒèšã®çµ±äžåãè°è«ããäžã§ãäœããã®ææãããšãªããããããªãã
泚
1ïŒäœããåºéãèšå®ããå ŽåãçŽè³ç£ã¯äžåºå ã§è¡šç€ºãããïŒå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºæ³šè§£ 5 ïŒã
2ïŒå²¡æææ2015ã¯ãå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºã®è²¡åäžåºæºã«ã€ããŠãå ¬çæ§å€æåºæºãã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããïŒç¥âçè ïŒçšåªéå€æåºæºã§ãããïŒ11é ïŒãšè¿°ã¹ããããæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ã財åç匟åæ§æŠå¿µãåæèŠè§ãšãããããåœè©²åºæºã«è§Šããªãããšãç³ãæ·»ããããã®ç¹ã«é¢ããŠã¯å¥çš¿ãæãããã
3ïŒå è¡ç 究ã§ã¯ãAnthony1978ã«ããããããŒèšç®ã«é¢ããèšè¿°ïŒpp.86-90ïŒçãåãã財åççååãè³æ¬ç¶ææŠå¿µã«çœ®æããŠè§£éãããŠããããšãå€ãïŒããšãã°ãè¥æ2002 26é ïŒãä»æ¹ãæ¬çš¿ã¯ãã¹ããã¯èšç®ã«é¢ããèšè¿°ãèå¯ã®èµ·ç¹ãšããŠã財åççååãšè²¡åç匟åæ§ã®é¢ä¿æ§ã«èšåããŠããããªããåæ§ã®é¢ä¿æ§ã«åèšè²¬ä»»ã®èŠ³ç¹ãå ãåæããŠããããå è¡ç 究ãšããŠæ¥éææ2009 2003ãæããããã
4ïŒFASB ã¯ãDM1980ã«é¢ããå ¬èŽäŒã®å 容ãåãã1981幎ã«Exposure DraftãäŒæ¥ ã®å©çããã£ãã·ã¥ã»ãããŒãšè²¡æ¿ç¶æ ã®å ±åããå ¬è¡šãã財åå ±åã®è©äŸ¡ã«æçšãªäŒèš æŠå¿µã®äžã€ãšããŠè²¡åç匟åæ§ãæããŠèª¬æããïŒpars.25-28, 61, 106-111ïŒãåœè©²ææžã¯ SFAC5ã®çŽ æ¡ã«çžåœããããšãããSFAC5 ã®è²¡åç匟åæ§ã¯ãDM1980ãåç §ãã ãã®ãšèããããã
5ïŒãäŒæ¥ã®æ¯æèœåã®ç¶æã¯ããã®äœè³ªã«ãããšããã倧ãããããŒã¹ã¯ããã財åç匟åæ§ïŒfinancial flexibilityïŒãšåŒãã§ããïŒç¥âçè ïŒã貞åå¯Ÿç §è¡šãèŠããšããã§ã¯è²¡æ¿ç¶æ ããããªããŠãããããšãããšãã«è³éã調 éã§ããã°ãæ¯æäžèœã«ãªããªãããã§ããããããããããèœåã¯äŒèšæ°å€ãšããŠã©ãã«ãåºãŠããªããïŒäžæ1997315-316é ïŒããªããHeath ã¯ãDonaldson1971ãå¥æ©ãšããŠã1978幎ã«åºçããã財åå ±åãšæ¯æèœåã®è©äŸ¡ãã§è²¡åç匟åæ§æŠå¿µãè«è¿°ããã
6ïŒJICPA ã¯ãæ³èŠå¶ã«ããææè³æºããå¯ä»è ãªã©è³æºæäŸè ãšåæ§ãçµç¹ã®å€éšèŠå ã« åºã¥ãææè³æºãšæããŠææçŽè³ç£ã«åºåããïŒJICPA è«ç¹ã8.12é ïŒããªããFASB ã§ã¯ã åŸè¿°ã®ãšãããå¥çŽã»æ³åŸã«ããææè³æºã éææè³æºãšçåããŠããã
7ïŒéåææïŒïŒ»201020-21é ïŒã¯ãäžæææãš æ°žä¹ ææãåºåããæ矩ãšããŠãçµç¹éå¶ã«äžå¯æ¬ ãªè²¡ç£ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠè²¡ç£çåºç€ãæ§æããæ£å³è²¡ç£ïŒçŽè³ç£ïŒããä»ã®æ£å³è²¡ç£ãšåºåããŠè¡šç€ºããç¹ãææãããã
8ïŒå²¡æææ2010ã¯ãæå®æ£å³è²¡ç£å¯Ÿè±¡è³ç£ã¯åºæ¬è²¡ç£åã¯ç¹å®è³ç£ã«æ²ããããæ°žä¹ ã«ãããã¯ç¹å®ç®çãéè¡ããããŸã§ã®éãç¶ æãã¹ã財ç£ãšããããïŒ59é ïŒåç¹âçè ïŒãšè¿°ã¹ãããã
9ïŒãã®ç¥èŠã¯ãã貚幣è³æ¬æŠå¿µãïŒãåæãšããåç®è³æ¬æŠå¿µãšå®è³ªè³æ¬æŠå¿µïŒãšãç©çè³æ¬æŠå¿µãïŒãåºç€ãšããå®äœè³æ¬ç¶æ説ïŒã®çã®å¯Ÿç«ç¹ããã貚幣ããšãç©ããšããç°è³ªãªè³æ¬æŠå¿µã§ã¯ãªãã貚幣ãšããŠã®è³æ¬ã®ææã®ç¯å²ã ããªãã¡ãææè³éæ§ããã³èªç±éžæè³éæ§ã®èªèç¯å²ã«ã€ããŠã®èŠè§£ã®éãã«ããããšã®èå¯ããå°ãããŠããïŒæ£®ç°ïŒ»197332-33 é ïŒãè€äºææ2010ã¯ãå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºã«ããããæ£å³è²¡ç£ãšå¯Ÿå¿ããåºæ¬è²¡ç£ã» ç¹å®è³ç£ããå®ç©è³æ¬èŠ³ïŒå®äœè³æ¬ç¶æ説ïŒãåæãšãããšææãããŠããïŒ30-31é ïŒã
10ïŒéœè€ææ2011ã¯ãåèšè²¬ä»»ã®æ確åããã³çµç¹ã®ãµãŒãã¹ã®çš®é¡ãæ°Žæºã®è©äŸ¡ã«è³ãããšããŠãè³ç£åŽã®æ å ±ãéèŠãããããããŠã䜿éå¶çŽã®æç¡ã«ããè³ç£ïŒåæ¹ïŒã® åºåãåºç€ãšããŠãè² åµãšçŽè³ç£ïŒè²žæ¹ïŒãåºåããªã衚瀺æ¹æ³ãææ¡ãããŠããïŒ10- 13é ïŒã
11ïŒåœéäŒèšåºæºå¯©è°äŒïŒä»¥äžãIASBïŒãš FASB ãå ±åäœæ¥ãã財åè«žè¡šã®è¡šç€ºãããžã§ã¯ãã§ã¯ã2008幎10æã®å ¬è¡šææžã«ãããŠæµåæ§ããã³è²¡åç匟åæ§è©äŸ¡ã®æ€èšãåºæ¬ç®çã®äžã€ã«æ²ããŠããããããã2010幎7æã®å ¬ è¡šææžã§ã¯ãåœè©²ç®çã¯é€å€ãããïŒå°è¥¿ 201361-62é ïŒããŸããçŸåšé²è¡äžã® IASBãšFASBã«ãããªãŒã¹äŒèšå ±åãããžã§ã¯ ãã§ã¯ãææ¡ãããŠãã䜿çšæš©ã¢ãã«ã®èª¬ææŠå¿µãšããŠè²¡åç匟åæ§ã®èšè¿°ãèŠåããã ããšããã§ããïŒäœè€ïŒ»201321-22é ïŒã
åèæç®ïŒœ
Anthony, R. N., FASB Research Report, Financial Accounting in Nonbusiness Organizations: An Exploratory Study of Conceptual Issues, FASB, May 1978.
Donaldson, Gordon, Strategy for Financial Mobility, Richard D. Irwin, 1971.
FASB, Discussion Memorandum, Reporting Funds Flows, Liquidity, and Financial Flexibility, FASB, December 1980.
FASB, Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts No.4 , Objectives of Financial Reporting by Nonbusiness Organizations, FASB, December 1980ïŒå¹³æŸäžå€«ã»åºç¬çŸ©å·ïŒèš³ïŒãFASB 財åäŒèšã®è«žæŠå¿µïŒå¢è£çïŒã äžå€®çµæžç€Ÿã2002幎ïŒ. FASB, Exposure Draft, Reporting Income, Cash Flows, and Financial Position of Business Enterprises, FASB, November 1981.
FASB, Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts No.5, Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, FASB, December 1984ïŒå¹³æŸ äžå€«ã»åºç¬çŸ©å·ïŒèš³ïŒãFASB 財åäŒèšã®è«žæŠå¿µïŒå¢è£çïŒãäžå€®çµæžç€Ÿã2002幎ïŒ.
FASB, Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts No.6 , Elements of Financial Statements, FASB, December 1985ïŒå¹³æŸ äžå€«ã»åºç¬çŸ©å·ïŒèš³ïŒãFASB 財åäŒèšã®è«žæŠ 念ïŒå¢è£çïŒãäžå€®çµæžç€Ÿã2002幎ïŒ.
FASB, Invitation to Comment, Financial Reporting by Not-for-Profit Organizations: From and content of Financial Statements, FASB, August 1989. FASB, Exposure Draft, Proposed Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations, FASB, October 1992.
FASB, Statements of Financial Accounting Standards No.117, Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations, FASB, June 1993ïŒé»å·ä¿çŸãé·¹éå®è¡ãè¹è¶æŽä¹ã森æ¬æŽç èš³ãFASB NPO äŒèšåº æºã äžå€®çµæžç€Ÿã 2001幎ïŒ.
FASB, Exposure Draft, the proposed Accounting Standards Update, Not-forProfit Entities ïŒTopic 958ïŒ and Health Care Entities ïŒTopic 954ïŒ, FASB, March 2015.
æ± ç°äº«èªãéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšæŠå¿µåœ¢æè«ã森山æžåºã2007幎ã
岡æå矩ãäžè¬ç€Ÿå£ã»è²¡å£æ³äººã®å ¬çèªå®åº æºã®æ€èšâå ¬çæ§å€æåºæºãšè²¡åäžåºæºâããéå¶å©æ³äººç 究åŠäŒèªã第17å·»ã 2015幎 8 æã 1 -12é ã
岡æå矩ãæ£å³è²¡ç£ãšè³ç£å¯Ÿå¿ã®æ矩ãšå±é âå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºã®å€é·ã«é¢ä¿ãã㊠âããéå¶å©æ³äººç 究åŠäŒèªã第12å·»ã 2010幎ã51-64é ã
å°Ÿäžéžåãéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšè«žåºæºã®ç¹åŸŽãšãã®å±æããå ¬çã»äžè¬æ³äºº ã第875å·ã 2014幎8æã 2 -12é ã
éåè¯å€ªãå¶çŽãä»ãããå¯ä»ã®äŒèšåŠçâ å ¬çæ³äººäŒèšåºæºã»FASB åºæºã»GASB åº æºã®æ¯èŒâããéå¶å©æ³äººã第790å·ã2010 幎12æã15-24é ã
å°è¥¿ç¯å¹žã財åè«žè¡šã®è¡šç€ºãããžã§ã¯ãã®æ 矩âæŠå¿µãã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã«ããã衚瀺ã®æ¹ åæ§âããç£æ¥çµçã第73巻第 2 å·ã2013 幎 7 æã60-75é ã
éœè€çåãéå¶å©çµç¹äœäŒèšã®çŸç¶ãšèª²é¡ã ãæèšã第179巻第 4 å·ã森山æžåºã2011幎 4 æã 1 -14é ã
åºå¡æž æ²»ã»èŸºåååç·šèãå ¬çæ³äººã»äžè¬æ³ 人ã®äŒèšå®åïŒè£èšçïŒãå ¬çæ³äººåäŒã 2013幎ã
äžæå¿ ãæ°ç財åäŒèšè«ãçœæ¡æžæ¿ã1997幎ãæ¥æ¬å ¬èªäŒèšå£«åäŒéå¶å©æ³äººå§å¡äŒç ç©¶å ±å第25å·ãéå¶å©çµç¹ã®äŒèšæ çµã¿æ§ç¯ã«å ããŠã2013幎7æã
æ¥æ¬å ¬èªäŒèšå£«åäŒãéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšæ€èšäŒã«ããå ±åãéå¶å©çµç¹ã®è²¡åå ±åã®åšãæ¹ã«é¢ããè«ç¹æŽçãã2015幎5æã
æ¥éä¿®é ãéå¶å©çµç¹äœè²¡åå ±åã®æ€èšâ財åççååè©äŸ¡ã®èŠ³ç¹ããâããäžæåŠå倧åŠã»äžæåŠå倧åŠçæ倧åŠéšç 究çŽèŠã 第41å·ã2009幎3æã217-227é ã
æ¥éä¿®é ãéå¶å©çµç¹äœã®è²¡åççååãšçŽè³ç£ããçŠå²¡å€§åŠå€§åŠé¢è«éã第35巻第1å·ã2003幎8æã75-92é ã
è€äºç§æš¹ã岡æå矩ãå ¬çæ³äººäŒèšã«ãããæ£å³è²¡ç£ãšåºæ¬è²¡ç£ãïŒç¬¬3å財åäŒèšç 究åŠäŒå ±åïŒå¹³æ21幎10æ31æ¥ïŒãã財åäŒèšç 究ã第4å·ã2010幎5æã28-31é ã
å®®æ¬å¹žå¹³ãéå¶å©çµç¹äŒèšåºæºã®çµ±äžâäŒèš åºæºçµ±äžåãžã®ã¢ãããŒãâã森山æžåºã 2015幎ã
森ç°å²åœã貚幣è³æ¬ã®ææè³éæ§ãšèªç±éžæ è³éæ§âæéå©çéå®ã®åæãšããŠã®è³æ¬æŠå¿µããäŒæ¥äŒèšã第25巻第 7 å·ãäžå€®çµæžç€Ÿã1973幎 7 æã32-39é ã
è¥æèä¿¡ãéå¶å©çµç¹äœã®äž»ããäŒèšç®çïŒ è²¡åççååã®è¡šç€ºãæå±±åŠã»éŽæšè±ç·šè ãéå¶å©çµç¹äœã®äŒèšãäžå€®çµæžç€Ÿã2002幎ã
æçš¿ã財åç匟åæ§ã®çŸä»£çæ矩âãªãŒã¹äŒèšãèå¯ã®èµ·ç¹ãšããŠâããåèçµæžè«å¢ã 第49å·ã2013幎12æã19-34é ã
(è«çš¿æåºïŒå¹³æ27幎11æ30æ¥)
(å çä¿®æ£ïŒå¹³æ28幎 5 æ30æ¥)